An international research team studying fossilized oyster shells has revealed substantial annual temperature variation in sea water during the Early Cretaceous. The finding overturns the assumption ...

Researchers at the University of New South Wales (UNSW), alongside those from the Université de Sherbrooke in Quebec and Aalto University in Finland, have announced they have used artificial atoms in ...

The recombination of electron shells in molecules, taking just a few dozen attoseconds (a billionth of a billionth of a second) can now be viewed 'live,' thanks to a new method. The recombination of ...

If phosphorous has five electrons in its outermost shell, meaning it needs only three more to fill the shell, how can it form FOUR valence bonds when used as a dopant in a silicon crystal? This is one ...

Physicists have filled in some longtime blank spaces on the periodic table, calculating electron affinities of the lanthanides, a series of 15 elements known as rare earths. Physicists at Michigan ...

Many of us learned in high school chemistry that the electrons around an atomic nucleus occupy different energy levels. The low-energy levels are known as the inner electron shells, and the ...