The brevity of an abstract belies its importance to a manuscript. It’s what catches a reader’s attention and helps them to decide whether a paper is relevant. Yet failing to reflect the content of the ...

APA style is the formal writing style that is endorsed by the APA (American Psychological Association). It’s got lots of rules (e.g., within a parenthetical citation, use an ampersand (&), but outside ...

This handout is available for download in DOCX format and PDF format. An abstract is a summary of a piece of academic writing. The abstract appears in multiple locations, including at the start of a ...

The abstract of a scientific paper must concisely convey the background, purpose, methodology and conclusions of the published work. This section is visible to the readers even in cases where access ...