A number of membrane proteins that are present on the cell membrane control external and internal material transportation, cell protection and signal transmission. The diversity of functions of ...

Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a vertebrate homolog of the secreted segment-polarity gene, Hedgehog (Hh), which is produced by the embryonic notochord and floor plate. Genetic studies in human 1,2 and mouse ...

Two-dimensional crystals of rhodopsin were studied to determine the arrangement of the transmembrane alpha helices. A combination of electron cryo-microscopy, image processing and electron ...

Membrane proteins play important roles in health and disease, but they are so hydrophobic that they require detergents to maintain their shape outside membranes. That makes them difficult to study.